Transformation of Sentences
वाक्य के एक रूप को उसका अर्थ बदले बिना दूसरे रूप में बदल देना Transformation of Sentences कहलाता है। वाक्य रूपांतरण से तात्पर्य केवल व्याकरण के रूप से ही है। वाक्य रूपांतर के कई नियम है, जो निम्न प्रकार से है-
RULE 1 ऐसे वाक्य जिनमें ‘too’ Adverb हो-
कुछ वाक्यों में ‘Too’ adverb का प्रयोग होता है और इनसे किसी गुण की अतिशयता (excess) का बोध होता है।
उदाहरण 1: He is too weak to walk.
इस प्रकार के वाक्यों को रूपांतरित करने के लिए 100′ को हटाकर उसके स्थान पर ‘so’ को प्रयोग करें तथा ‘that’ connective लगाकर cannot के प्रयोग के बाद Adjective या Adverb Clause को लिखें। अतः उदाहरण 1 का रूपांतरित वाक्य होगा-
He is so weak that he cannot walk.
उदाहरण 2: The milk is too hot for me to drink.
रूपांतरित वाक्य The milk is so hot that I cannot drink it.
RULE2: Adjective Adverb & Degrees of Comparison बदलकर जैसे-
Positive: I am as strong as you.
Comparative: You are not stronger than
Comparative: Suman is taller than Anita.
Positive: Anita is not so tall as Suman.
Superlative: Mumbai is the largest town in India.
Comparative: Mumbai is larger than any other town in India.
Positive: No other town in India is as large as Mumbai.
Superlative: Cricket is one of the most popular games.
Comparative: Cricket is more popular than most other games.
Positive: Very few games are so popular as cricket.
Superlative: Manju is not one of the wisest girls in the class.
Comparative: Manju is less wiser than some other girls of the class.
Positive: Manju is not so wise as some other girls of the class.
शर्त प्रकट करने (Conditional) वाले वाक्यों का रूपांतर
शर्त प्रकट करने की कई विधियां है। प्राय: if,unless ,in case, all the same, supposing, provided आदि शब्द के प्रयोग द्वारा शर्त (condition) प्रकट की जाती है। इसके निम्नलिखित है-
RULE 3: Conjunction ‘if’ या ‘unless’ लगाकर जैसे
If you work hard, you will succeed.
Unless you work hard, you will not succeed.
If they insult me, I shall beat them.
Unless they insult me, I shall not beat them.
RULE 4 : Conjunctional Phrase का प्रयोग करके: जैसे-
If you do not read, you will fail.
In case you do not read, you will fail.
He is strong but a coward.
He is strong; all the same he is a coward.
RULE 5: Imperative Mood का प्रयोग करके: जैसे-
Unless you do this work, you will not go.
Do this work and then you will go.
You will not fall down if you walk carefully.
Walk carefully and you will not fall down.
RULE 6: Participial Phrase का प्रयोग करके: जैसे-
I will accompany you if you pay the railway fare.
I will accompany you provided you pay the railway fare.
RULE 7: प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य का प्रयोग करके जैसे-
If you go there, I will go with you.
Will you go there? Then I will go with you.
If you have bought the ticket, get in the train.
Have you bought the ticket? Then get in the train
RULE 8: Preposition ‘but’ लगाकर जिसका Object कोई phrase या clause ; हो जैसे
If you had not helped him, he would have failed. But for your help he would have failed. As I am poor, I would not help Rama. But that I am poor, I would not help Rama.
RULE 9: Relative Adverb ‘however’ के प्रयोग द्वारा जब
उसके पश्चात कोई Adjective या Adverb हो; जैसे- In spite of his hard work, he will not pass.
He will not pass, however hard he may work. In spite of his best efforts, he will not defeat me.
He will not defeat me, however much he may try.
RuLE 10: Phrase ‘one more’ ; का प्रयोग करके जैसे
If we suffer one more such loss, we are ruined.
One more such loss and we are ruined. –
If you speak, I will send you out of the class.
One more word, and I will send you out of the class.
Concession या Contrast सूचक वाक्यों का परिवर्तन
RULE 11 Though या although लगाकर: जैसे-
He is honest and poor both.
He is honest though he is poor.
He was born in a noble family, still he is wicked.
Although he was born in a noble family, yet he is wicked.
RULE 12: Conjunction ‘as’ ‘but’ लगाकर जैसे
I am unable to go on account of being busy.
Busy as I am, I cannot go.
In spite of hard work, he failed.
He worked hard, but he failed.
RULE 13: Conjunction ‘even if’ लगाकर: जैसे-
You will help him but he would not be grateful.
He would not be grateful even if you help him.
The proof of my innocence cannot escape punishment.
I shall not escape punishment even if I prove my innocence.
RULE 14: Relative Pronoun ‘whatever’ लगाकर: जैसे-
You may say anything but I will do it.
I will do it whatever you may say.
Your statement cannot make me believe you.
I shall not believe you whatever you may say.
RULE 15: Relative Adverb ‘however’ लगाकर: जैसे-
Iwill not get through in spite of hard work.
I will not get through, however hard I may work .
My hard labour cannot achieve success .
will not achieve success, however hard I may labour.
RULE 16: Conjunction ‘if’ के प्रयोग द्वारा जिसके बाद कोई { verb (क्रिया) Indicative Mood में हो; जैसे-
Although I accepted your proposal I did so under protest.
If I accepted, proposal I did so under protest.
RULE 17 all the same का प्रयोग करके जैसे-
She is in a mood to talk though she is angry.
She is angry, all the same she is in a mood to talk.
I will go with him though I am tired.
I am tired, all the same I will go with him.
RULE 18: Phrase ‘at the same time’ ;- लगाकर जैसे
He is clever but he is not proud.
He is clever, at the same time he is not proud.
In spite of my poverty. I shall help you.
I am poor, at the same time I shall help you.
RULE 19 : Absolute Participle के प्रयोग द्वारा जिसके पश्चात Noun Clause हो जैसे-
He is strong yet he is a coward.
Admitting that he is strong, he is a coward.
Though he is not clever, yet he might have been more hardworking.
Admitting that he is not clever, he might yet have been more hardworking.
RULE 20 Phrase ‘nevertheless’ ‘nonetheless’ लगाकर जैसे-
He works hard though his success is not sure. He works hard nevertheless his success is not sure. या
He works hard, nonetheless his success is not sure.
RULE 21: Phrase ‘in spite of का प्रयोग करके जैसे’ –
I failed though I worked hard.
In spite of my hard work, I failed.
He did not care for his mother’s advice and stole the book.
In spite of his mother’s advice, he stole the book.
RULE 22: Adverb ‘indeed’ Conjunction ‘but’ प्रयोग करके जैसे-
Although he failed, yet he did not lose heart. He failed indeed, but he did not lose heart. Although he recovered, yet his health is poor. He recovered indeed, but his health is poor.
वाक्यों के रूप को बदलना
RULE 23 : साधारण वाक्य को प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य बनाना; जैसे-
Simple: No wise man will tell a lie. Interrogative: Will any wise man tell a lie?
Simple: Nobody would like to be called a fool.
Interrogative: Who would like to be called a fool?
Simple: Nobody could have done it.
Interrogative: Who could have done it?
Simple Ram is an obedient student.
Interrogative: Is Ram not an obedient student? यदि साधारण वाक्य स्वीकारात्मक हो, तो प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य निषेधात्मक बनेगा और यदि साधारण वाक्य निषेधात्मक हो, तो प्रश्नाच वाक्य स्वीकारात्मक बनेगा।
RULE 24 प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य को साधारण वाक्य बनाना; जैसे-
Interrogative: When can their glory fade ?
Simple: Their glory can never fade.
Interrogative: What is friendship but a name?
Simple: Friendship is nothing but a name.
Interrogative: Who has seen the wind?
Simple: Nobody has seen the wind.
यदि प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य स्वीकारात्मक हो, तो साधारण वाक्य निषेधात्मक बनेगा और यदि प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य निषेधात्मक हो, तो साधारण वाक्य स्वीकारात्मक बनेगा।
RULE 25 स्वीकारात्मक वाक्य से निषेधात्मक वाक्य बनाना; जैसे –
(i) विपरीत शब्द (Antonym) से पूर्व not लगाकर जैसे-
Affirmative: He is rich.
Negative: He is not poor.
Affirmative: This news is true.
Negative: This news is not false.
(ii) दो negatives का प्रयोग करके जैसे-
Affirmative: Mr. Gupta wrote the book.
Negative: Mr. Gupta did not fail to write the book.
Affirmative: I am hopeful.
Negative: I am not without hope.
(iii) Degrees of Comparison को बदल कर जैसे-
Affirmative: Rama is stronger than Shyam.
Negative: Shyam is not so strong as Rama.
Affirmative: He is better than Mohan.
Negative: Mohan is not so good as he (is).
(iv) Too के स्थान पर so… that… cannot या could not लगाकर जैसे-
Affirmative: He is too strong to yield.
Negative: He is so strong that he cannot yield
Affirmative: He is too old to work hard.
Negative: He is so old that he cannot work hard.
Note: यदि too से पहले is, am, are है, तो cannot का प्रयोग किया जाएगा और यदि was, were है, तो could not लगाया जाएगा।
(v) No sooner than का प्रयोग करके जैसे-
Affirmative: As soon as I reached there, he went out.
Negative: No sooner did I reach there than he went out.
Affirmative: As soon as he closed his eyes, he fell asleep.
Negative: No sooner had he closed his eyes than he fell asleep.
Note:
No sooner के तत्काल बाद में आने वाला भाग प्रश्नवाचक में बनता है, किन्तु वाक्य में प्रश्नवाचक का चिह्न नहीं लगाया जाता तथा than से पहले Comma (,) नहीं लगाते हैं।
RULE 26 : निषेधात्मक वाक्य से स्वीकारात्मक वाक्य बनाना: जैसे-
Negative: The question is not easy.
Affirmative: The question is difficult.
Negative: He did not fail to do the work.
Affirmative: He did the work.
RULE 27 Assertive Sentence (साधारण वाक्य) को Exclamatory Sentence (विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य ) बनान जैसे-
Assertive: This rose is very lovely.
Exclamatory: How lovely this rose is!
Assertive: This is a lame excuse.
Exclamatory: What a lame excuse!
RULE 28 विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य (Exclamatory) से साधारण वाक्य (Assertive) बनाना: जैसे-
Exclamatory: How sweet the music is !
Assertive: The music is very sweet.
Exclamatory: Hurrah! We have won the match.
Assertive: It is very joyful that we have won the match.
RULE 29: Simple Sentence – Complex Sentence बनाना
Complex Sentence में एक Principal Clause (मुख्य उपवाक्य) तथा एक या एक से अधिक Subordinate Clauses (आश्रित उपवाक्य) होते हैं। Subordinate Clauses तीन प्रकार की होती हैं।
Simple से Complex वाक्य बनाने की निम्नलिखित तीन विधियां है-
(i) Simple Sentence (साधारण वाक्य) के किसी word (शब्द) या Phrase (शब्द समूह) को Noun Clause में बदलकर जैसे
Simple: His arrival is sure.
Complex: That he will arrive is sure.
Simple: No one knows him.
Complex: No one knows who he is.
Simple Sentence के किसी word या Phrase को
(ii)Adjective Clause में बदलकर जैसे-
Simple: I have a golden ring
Complex: I have a ring which is made of gold.
Simple: The monkey with a long tail is dead.
Complex: The monkey that had a long tail is dead.
(iii) Simple Sentences Word Phrase Adverb Clause में बदलकर; जैसे-
Simple: He is too slow to catch me.
Complex: He is so slow that he cannot catch me.
Simple: You may sit anywhere.
Complex: You may sit wherever you like.
RULE 30: Complex Sentence Simple Sentence बनाना Complex से Simple वाक्य बनाने की निम्नलिखित तीन विधियां हैं-
(i) Noun Clause के स्थान पर Noun का प्रयोग करके जैसे-
Complex: Everybody knows who Renu is.
Simple: Everybody knows Renu.
Complex: I know where he was born.
Simple: I know his birth place.
(ii) Adjective Clause के स्थान पर Adjective Infinitive या Phrase का प्रयोग करके जैसे-
Complex: The king died in the city where he was born.
Simple: The king died in his native city.
Complex: I have no money that I can give you.
Simple: I have no money to give you.
(iii) Adverb Clause के स्थान पर Adverb (क्रिया-विशेषण) या Adverb का कार्य करने वाले शब्द अर्थात Prepositional phrase, Infinitive या Participle का प्रयोग करके जैसे
Complex: I was surprised when I heard this.
Simple: I was surprised to hear this.
Complex: I go to bed when the night comes.
Simple: I go to bed at night.
RULE 31: एक Simple Sentence को Compound Sentence बनाना Compound Sentence Principal Clause a एक इसका Co-ordinate अवश्य होता है। Simple Sentence को Compound में बदलने के लिए Simple Sentence के किसी शब्द या Phrase को Principal Clause बनाकर उसके पश्चात Co- ordinating Conjunction लगा देते हैं; जैसे-
Simple: The sun having set, we went home.
Compound: The Sun had set and we went home.
Simple: In spite of hard work he failed.
Compound: He worked hard but he failed.
RULE 32: Compound Sentence Simple Sentence में बदलना Compound Sentence at Simple Sentence समय वाक्य के किसी Clause को Participle Preposition, Infinitive या Gerund में निम्न प्रकार से बदल देते हैं-
(1) Principal Clause Participle Gerund में बदलकर; जैसे –
Compound: He took off his hat and went to school.
Simple: After taking off his hat, he went to school.
Compound: She lost her purse and began to weep
Simple: Having lost her purse, she began to weep.
यहां पहले वाक्य में Gerund और दूसरे में Perfect Participle का प्रयोग हुआ है।
(1) Clause Preposition Prepositional Phrase में बदलकर; जैसे-
Compound: Move forward and you will risk your life.
Simple: Move forward at the risk of your life.
Compound: He is not only brave but also kind. hearted.
Simple: Besides being brave he is kind hearted.
यहां उदाहरण में Co-ordinate Clause और उदाहरण 2 में Principal Clause का परिवर्तन किया गया है।
(ii) Co-ordinate Clause Infinitive; – में बदलकर जैसे
Compound: The news is very good but it is not true..
Simple: The news is too good to be true.
RULE 33: Compound Sentence Complex Sentence बनाना Compound (संयुक्त) वाक्य को Complex (मिश्रित) वाक्य में बदलने के लिए वाक्य के दूसरे अर्थात पिछले Clause को Principal Clause बना देते हैं तथा पहले Clause को Subordinate Clause में बदल देते हैं; जैसे-
Compound: He is weak, therefore he cannot walk.
Complex: He cannot walk as he is weak.
Compound: Learn your lesson and you will pass.
Complex: If you learn your lesson, you will pass.
RULE 34: Complex Sentence Compound Sentence में बदलना Complex Sentence Compound Sentence समय वाक्य की Subordinate Clause को मुख्य उपवाक्य बनाकर पहले लगा देते हैं तथा Principal Clause को बाद में लगाते हैं। दोनों के बीच में Co-ordinating Conjunction लगाया जाता है; जैसे-
Complex: I am sure that you have done this.
Compound: You have done this and I am sure of it.
Complex: He failed although he did his best.
Compound: He did his best but he failed.