Direct and Indirect Speech

किसी वक्ता के कथन को हम दो प्रकार से व्यक्त कर सकते हैं-

A. बहला- वक्ता के द्वारा कहे हुए शब्दों को ज्यों का त्यों उसी के शब्दों में रस देना जैसे-

उदाहरण 1: He said, “I am ready to go.

उदाहरण: Ram said to Mohan “I shall help you.”

इसे Direct Speech या प्रत्यक्ष कथन कहते हैं।

Direct Narration के दो भाग होते हैं-

(1) Reporting Verb (2) Reported Speech

Reporting Verb को inverted commas (“………”) के बाहर और Reported Speech को inverted commas के अंदर रखा जाता है।

उदाहरण 1 से

He said,	“I am ready to go.”
Reporting	Reported
Verb	Speech

B. दूसरा वक्ता के द्वारा कही गई बात का सारांश अपने शब्दों में व्यक्त करना; जैसे उदाहरण को अगर हम अपने शब्दों में – कहें, तो इस प्रकार कहेंगे-

He said that he was ready to go.

इसी प्रकार उदाहरण 2 में राम द्वारा कही गई बात का सारांश अपने शब्दों में व्यक्त करें, तो इस प्रकार करेंगे

Ram told Mohan that he would help him.

ऐसे कथन को Indirect Speech या अप्रत्यक्ष कथन कहते हैं।

Direct Speech Indirect Speech परिवर्तन हेतु कुछ सामान्य नियम

RULE 1: Indirect Speech में ‘inverted commas’ को हटाकर Conjunction ‘that’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

RULE 2: Indirect SpeechReporting Verb comma (.) का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता, साथ ही Reporting Verb के Tense में भी परिवर्तन नहीं किया जाता।

RULE 3: कभी-कभी Reporting Verb को Reported Speech के भावानुसार बदला जाता है।

RULE4: यदि Reporting Verb वर्तमान या भविष्य काल में Reported Speech की क्रिया का Tense नहीं बदलेगा। जैसे-

Direct: Mohan says, “Father is not at home.”

Indirect: Mohan says that father is not at home.

Direct: You will say, “Harish is strong in Physics Indirect: You will say that Harish is strong in Physics.

RULE 5: यदि Reporting Verb भूतकाल (Past तो Reported Speech की क्रिया तथा अन्य शब्दों में निम्नलि प्रकार से परिवर्तन होते है-

(i) Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite में बदलता है

Direct: He said, “I write a letter.”

Indirect: He said that he wrote a letter.

Direct: They said, “We love our country.”

Indirect: They said that they loved their country.

अपवाद यदि Reported Speech सदैव सत्य रहने वाली बात या आदत प्रकट करे, तो इसके Present Indefinite Tense में परिवर्तन नहीं होगा; जैसे-

Direct: The teacher said, “The earth is round.”

Indirect: The teacher said that the Earth is round

(ii) Present Continuous, Past Continuous में बदलता है-

Direct: She said, “I am washing my clothes.”

Indirect: She said that she was washing her clothes

Direct: Sita said, “Ram is working hard.”

Indirect: Sita said that Ram was working hard.

(iii) Present Perfect, Past Perfect Tense में बदलता है-

Direct: He said, “I have started a job.”

Indirect: He said that he had started a job.

Direct: Mohan said, “They have played well.”

Indirect: Mohan said that they had played well.

(iv) Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous में बदलता है-

Direct: He said, “I have been studying since 3 O’clock”

Indirect: He said that he had been studying since 30 clock.

Direct: Ram said, “It has been raining since morning”

Indirect: Ram said that it had been raining sin moming.

(v) Past Indefinite, Past Perfect Tense में बदलता है-

Direct: John said, “They went to cinema.”

Indirect: John said that they had gone to cinema.

Direct: He said, “He learnt his lesson.”

Indirect:  He said that he had learnt his lesson.

भूतकालिक एतिहासिक तथ्य या भूतकाल में हुए काम जो हों, तो इनके Past Indefinite में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं | जैसे-

Direct: The teacher said, “Rajiv Gandhi died in 1991.”

Indirect: The teacher said that Rajiv Gandhi died in 1991.

Direct: He said, “Sita sang and Yamini danced in the ftion.”

Indirect: He said that Sita sang and Yamini danced in the function.

(vi) Past Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous में बदलता है-

Direct: I said, “It was raining.”

Indirect: I said that it had been raining.

(vii) Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होगा-

Direct: He said, “I had started a business.”

Indirect: He said that he had started a business.

Direct: He said, “I had been reading the book since morning.”

Indirect: He said that he had been reading the book since morning.

(viii) Future Indefinite Tense ‘Will”,’Would’ में और “Shall Should’ में बदलता है-

Direct: He said, “I will study the book.”

Indirect: He said that he would study the book.

Direct: I said, “I shall do the work.”

Indirect: I said that I should do the work.

(ix) Future Continuous Tense Will be/Shall be, Would be/Should be में बदलता है-

Direct: She said, “I will be shifting to a new home.”

Indirect: She said that she would be shifting to a new home

(x) Future Perfect Tense Will have/Shall have, Would have/Should have में बदलता है-

Direct: I said, “He will have killed the snake.”

Indirect: I said that he would have killed the snake.

(xi) May, Might में और Can, Could में बदलता है-

Direct: He said, “The boy may go.”

Indirect: He said that the boy might go.

Direct: She said, “He can sing.” 

Indirect: She said that he could sing.

(xii) सामान्यतया ‘Must’ में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं किया जाता है।

Direct: The teacher said, “The boys must work.”

Indirect: The teacher said that the boys must work.

नोट: कुछ दशाओं में ‘Must’ को ‘had to’ या ‘would have to’ में बदल देते हैं-

(a) Present Obligation (वर्तमान दायित्व) –

Direct: Harish said, “I must reach the office before time as my boss is to visit the factory.”

Indirect: Harish said he had to reach the office before time as his boss was to visit the factory.

(b) Obligation to be fulfilled in future (भविष्य में पूरे किये जाने वाले कर्तव्य) में –

Direct: He said,” I must find a job for my son soon.”

Indirect: He said he would have to find a job for his son soon.

(xiii) Direct से Indirect बनाते समय Reported Speech के First Person के Pronouns को Reporting Verbs के Subject के Person, Number और Gender के अनुसार बदला जाता है; जैसे-

Direct: She said” “I want to be a good student.”

यहां Reported Speech First Person है Indirect बनाते समय इसे Reporting Verb के Subject ‘She’ के अनुसार बदला जाएगा; अतः

Indirect: She said that she wanted to be a good student.

Direct: They said, “We want to play cricket.”

यहां Reported Speech में First Person “We” है. Indirect बनाते समय इसे Reporting Verb के Subject ‘They’ के अनुसार बदला जाएगा; अतः

Indirect: They said that they wanted to play cricket.

(xiv) Direct से Indirect बनाते समय Reported Speech के Second Person के Pronouns को Reporting Verb के Object के Person, Number और Gender के अनुसार बदला जाता है; जैसे-

Direct: He said to me, “You are a good boy.” में El Reported Speech Second Person ‘You’, Indirect बनाते समय इसे Reporting Verb के Object Me’ के अनुसार बदला जाएगा; अतः

Indirect: He told me that I was a good boy.

(xv) Direct से Indirect बनाते समय Reported Speech के Third Person के Pronouns में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं किया जाता है; जैसे-

Direct: Ram said, “She is reading a book.”

यहां Reported Speech में ‘She’ Third Person है। अतः इसमें कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होगा।

Indirect: Ram said that she was reading a book.

(xvi) यदि Reporting Verb Past Tense में हो, तो निकटतासूचक शब्दों को दूरी प्रकट करने वाले शब्दों (words expressing distance) में बदल देते हैं: जैसे-

This changes into That

These changes into Those

Here changes into There

Thus changes into So

Ago changes into Before

Tonight changes into That Night

Today changes into That Day

Tomorrow changes into the Next day or the Following day

Yesterday changes into the Previous Day

Last Night changes into the Previous Night

Come changes into Go

Now changes into Then

Direct “I’ll do it tomorrow,” he promised.

Indirect: He promised that he would do it the next day.

Direct: The visitor said, “I am very happy to be here this morning.”

Indirect: The visitor said that he was very happy to be there that morning.

नोट: यदि this, here और now किसी ऐसी वस्तु, स्थान या समय की ओर संकेत करें जो कहते समय वक्ता के सामने उपस्थित हो, तो Indirect Narration में इन शब्दों में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होगा; जैसे-

Direct: He said, “This is my book”

Indirect: He said that this was his book.

Direct: He said, “I will do it now”

Indirect: He said that he would do it now.

Interrogative Sentences को Direct Speech से Indirect Speech में बदलने हेतु कुछ सामान्य नियम

Interrogative Sentences में Reported Speech is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, does, did, will, shall, can, could, who, when, what आदि शब्दों से आरंभ होती है

RULE1: Direct Speech से Indirect Speech बनाने के लिए Reporting Verb ‘said’ को ‘asked’ में बदलते हैं तथा Reporting Speech में क्रिया के पश्चात यदि ‘to’ हो तो उसे हटा देते हैं।

RULE2: Interrogative Sentences को Direct Speech से Indirect Speech में बदलने के लिए Conjunction ‘that’ का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।

RULE3: यदि Reported Speech का आरंभ किसी सहायक क्रिया (is, am, are ) से हो अर्थात प्रश्न का उत्तर ‘Yes’ या ‘No’ में आए तो Indirect Speech में ‘If’ या ‘Whether’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Direct: He said to me, “Are you a teacher?”

Indirect: He asked me if I was a teacher.

Direct: Hari said to me, “Do you not know Mohan?”

Indirect: Hari asked me whether I did not know Mohan.

RULE4: यदि Reported Speech किसी Interrogative Pronous (Who, Whom, What, Which) Interrogative Adverb (When, Where, Why) से आरंभ हो अर्थात प्रश्न का उत्तर ‘Yes’ या ‘No’ में न आए, तो Indirect Speech में उन्हीं प्रश्नवाचक शब्दों (When, What, Why—-आदि) का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Direct: I said to him, “Who are you?”

Indirect: I asked him who he was.

Direct: My father said to me, “Where do you like to go?”

Indirect: My father asked me where I liked to go.

Practice Questions MCQs : Part A

Directions: In the questions below the sentences have been given in Direct/Indirect Speech. From the given alternatives, choose the one which best expresses the given sentence in Indirect/Direct Speech.

1. “If you don’t keep quite I shall shoot you”, he said to her in a calm voice.

(a) He warned her to shoot if she didn’t keep quite calmly.

(b) He said calmly that I shall shoot you if you don’t be quite.

(c) He warned her calmly that he would shoot her if she didn’t keep quite.

(d) Calmly he warned her that be quite or else he will have to shoot her.

उत्तर-(c)

चूंकि उपर्युक्त वाक्य चेतावनी सूचक है अतः Indirect बनाते समय ‘said to’ को ‘warned’ में बदलते हैं तथा Reporting Verb के Object ‘her’ के अनुसार ‘you’ को ‘she’ में बदल देते हैं।

2. I told him that he was not working hard.

(a) I said to him, “You are not working hard.”

(b) I told to him, “You are not working hard.”

(c) I said, “You are not working hard.”

(d) I said to him, “He is not working hard.”

उत्तर-(a)

दी गई Indirect Speech Past Continuous Tense में है। अत: Direct Speech Present Continuous Tense में होगी। Direct Speech में ‘told’ को ‘said to’ में बदल देते हैं।

3. His father ordered him to go to his room and study.

(a) His father said,”Go to your room and study.”

(b) His father said to him, “Go and study in your room.”

(c) His father shouted, “Go right now to your study room.”

(d) His father said firmly, “Go and study in your room.”

उत्तर- (a)

Direct Speech में ‘ordered’ को ‘said’ में बदल देंगे तथा Indirect Speech में पुत्र के लिए प्रयुक्त ‘his’ को Reported Speech में ‘your’ से बदल देंगे।

4. He said to his father, “Please increase my pocket- money.”

(a) He told his father, “Please increase the pocket- money.”

(b) He pleaded his father to please increase my pocket- money.

(c) He requested his father to increase his pocket- money.

(d) He asked his father to increase his pocket- money.

उत्तर-(c)

चूंकि दी गई Direct Speech में एक पुत्र अपने पिता से निवेदन कर रहा है। अतः Indirect Speech में said to को requested से बदल देते हैं तथा Indirect Speech में निवेदन सूचक शब्द Please का प्रयोग नहीं करते हैं।

5. She said that her brother was getting married.

(a) She said, “Her brother is getting married.”

(b) She told, “Her brother is getting married.”

(c) She said, “My brother is getting married.”

(d) She said, “My brother was getting married.”

उत्तर-(c)

दी गई Indirect Speech Past Continuous Tense में है। अत: Direct Speech Present Continuous Tense में होगी। Direct Speech में ‘Her’ को ‘My’ से बदल देते हैं।

6. The boy said, “Who dare call you a thief?”

(a) The boy enquired who dared call him a thief

(b) The boy asked who called him a thief.

(c) The boy told that who dared call him a thief.

(d) The boy wondered who dared call a thief.

उत्तर- (a)

Direct Speech में दिया गया वाक्य Interrogative प्रकार का है जिसका उत्तर ‘Yes’ या ‘No’ में नहीं दिया जा सकता। तदनुसार Indirect Speech ‘said’ को’ asked या ‘enquired’ देते हैं।

7. She exclaimed with sorrow that was a very miserable plight.

(a) She said with sorrow, “What a pity it is.”

(b) She said, “What a mystery it is.”

(c) She said, “What a miserable sight it is.”

(d) She said, “What a miserable plight it is.”

उत्तर- (d)

Indirect Speech “Exclaimed with sorrow” प्रयोग किया गया है जिससे स्पष्ट होता है कि Direct Speech में Exclamatory Sentence (विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य ) का प्रयोग होगा।

8. Dhruv said that he was sick and tired of working for that company.

(a) Dhruv said, “I am sick and tired of working for this company.”

(b) Dhruv said, “He was tired of that company.”

(c) Dhruv said to me, “I am sick and tired of working for this company.”

(d) Dhruv said, “I will be tired of working for that company.”

उत्तर- (a)

Direct Speech में ‘He was’ को ‘I am’ से बदल देते हैं तथा ‘that company’ को ‘this company’ लिखा जाएगा।

9. “Are you alone, my son?” asked a soft voice close behind me.

(a) A soft voice asked that what I was doing there alone.

(b) A soft voice said to me are you alone son.

(c) A soft voice from my back asked If I was alone.

(d) A soft voice behind me asked If I was alone.

उत्तर- (d)

Reported Speech का प्रारंभ सहायक क्रिया ‘are’ से हो रहा है अर्थात पूछे गए प्रश्न का उत्तर ‘Yes’ या ‘No’ में दिया जा सकता है। अतः Indirect Speech में ‘If का प्रयोग होगा ।

10. She said to him, “Why don’t you go today?”

(a) She asked him why he did not go that day.

(b) She said to him why he don’t go that day.

(c) She asked him not to go that day.

(d) She asked him why he did not go today.

उत्तर- (a)

Reported Speech at Interrogative Adverb ‘Why से हो रहा है। अतः Indirect बनाते समय ‘said to’ को ‘asked’ में बदलकर Indirect Speech को ‘why’ से आरंभ करते हैं।

Fill in the Blanks : Part B

A. English is popular than any other language in the world.

(a) Most (b) More (c) Very (d) Much

 उपरोक्त उदाहरण में रिक्त स्थान हेतु ‘more’ शब्द सर्वाधिक उपयुक्त होगा क्योंकि वाक्य को देखने से इसमें एक संकेत शब्द ‘than’ मिलता है जिसका अर्थ है रिक्त स्थान में शब्द का Comparative form उपयुक्त होगा। दिए गए विकल्पों में ऐसा शब्द केवल ‘more’ है अतः यही उत्तर होगा।

एक ही वाक्य में दो रिक्त स्थान रहने की दशा में दोनों रिक्त स्थान हेतु दिए गए विकल्पों में से पूर्ति करके वाक्य का अर्थ देख-लेनाहिए।

व्यावहारिक पहलू (Practical Aspect)

यूँ तो ‘Fill in the blanks’ के प्रश्नों को हल करने के लिए उपर्युक्त सुझाव सिद्धांत रूप में लाभदायक सिद्ध होंगे, परंतु परीक्षा भवन में परीक्षार्थी के मनोविज्ञान तथा वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्नों में समय की कमी को देखते हुए परीक्षार्थियों को प्रश्नों को हल करने के लिए व्यावहारिक पहलू अपनाने की सलाह दी जाती है। Sentence Completion के प्रश्नों में व्यावहारिक पहलू यह है कि सर्वप्रथम Sentence को देखें इसके बाद दिए गए विकल्पों में से ऐसे शब्द का चयन करें जिससे वाक्य (Sentence) को सार्थक स्वरूप इसके बाद तुरंत आगे बढ़ें। इसी प्रकार Passage Completion के प्रश्नों को हल करते समय पूरे Passage को पढ़कर विकल्पों में से रिक्त

स्थान के लिए ऐसे शब्दों का चयन कर लें जिससे Passage को सार्थक स्वरूप प्राप्त हो सके। इसके बाद एक बार पूरे Passage को पढ़कर चुने गए विकल्पों को चेक (Check) कर लें।

वैसे तो Fill in the Blanks के प्रश्न व्याकरण ज्ञान, शब्द ज्ञान अथवा सामान्य समझ किसी भी प्रकार के हो सकते हैं परंतु सामान्यतः यह देखा गया है कि इन प्रश्नों में “Preposition पर आधारित प्रश्नों की संख्या सर्वाधिक होती है। इन्हीं बातों को ध्यान में रखते हुए अब हम Fill in the Blanks के प्रश्नों को हल करने हेतु कुछ महत्त्वपूर्ण नियमों की चर्चा करेंगे।

Preposition के नियमों पर आधारित उदाहरण एवं उनके नियम

प्रश्न 1. The patient is now free____ danger.

(a) to (b) from (c) of (d) for (e) by

हल यहां पर ‘free’ के बाद ‘from’ का प्रयोग होना चाहिए।

नियम – free का अर्थ है मुक्त, यदि ‘free’ का प्रयोग debt (कर्ज) या danger (खतरा ) के लिए हो रहा हो तो Preposition ‘from’ का प्रयोग करना चाहिए अन्य परिस्थितियों में ‘free’ के बाद Preposition ‘of का प्रयोग करना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 2. We are proud___ your deeds.

(a) in (b) to (c) from (d) of (e) for

हल एवं नियम यहां पर शब्द ‘proud’ के बाद ‘of का प्रयोग होना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 3. My teacher prevented me___cating flesh.

(a) to (b) from (c) for (d) against (e) on

हल शब्द ‘Prevent’ (रोकना) के बाद Preposition from’ का प्रयोग होना चाहिए।

नियम कुछ नकारात्मक क्रियाओं जैसे- prevent (रोकना), refrain (रोकना), restrain (रोकना) abstain (बचना) के बाद Preposition ‘from’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

प्रश्न 4. A dog always persists___his dogma.

(a) to (b ) of (c) on (d) in (e) with

हल एवं नियम शब्द ‘persist’ (दृढ़ रहना) के बाद Preposition in’ का प्रयोग होना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 5. She reproduced the answer word____word, as it was found in the book.

(a) to (b) for (c) after (d) by (e) none

हल – यहां पर Preposition ‘for’ का प्रयोग होना चाहिए।

नियम – ऐसी स्थिति में उचित भाव के लिए ‘word for word’ का ही प्रयोग शुद्ध है।

प्रश्न 6. Quite a large number of colleges are now affiliated___Allahabad University.

(a) to (b) with (c) on (d) in (e) at

हल ‘Affiliate’ (संबद्ध) के बाद Preposition ‘to’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

नियम यदि ‘Affiliate’ शब्द का प्रयोग किसी ‘board’ या ‘University’ के लिए करना हो तो Preposition ‘to’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है, यदि ‘affiliate’ शब्द का प्रयोग किसी ‘party’ के लिए करना हो तो Preposition ‘with’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

प्रश्न 7. We have no great regard for persons who are always bragging___their knowledge.

(a) to (b) for (c) about (d) on (e) against

हल व नियम “bragging’ (शेखीबाजी) के बाद Preposition ‘about’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

प्रश्न 8. Disgusted with life as he was, he jumped___the river.

(a) in (b) into (c) within (d) for (e) to

हल – यहां पर Preposition ‘into’ का प्रयोग होना चाहिए।

नियम- स्थिर अवस्था में प्रवेश का भाव उत्पन्न करने हेतु Preposition in तथा गतिमान अवस्था में Preposition into को प्रयोग किया जाता है।

प्रश्न 9. The entire village poured out to condole___him

(a) at (b) in (c) with  (d) on  (e) for

हल – यहां Preposition with का प्रयोग होना चाहिए। नियम यदि condole (संवेदना प्रकट करना) शब्द का प्रयोग किसी व्यक्ति (person) के लिए करना हो तो Preposition with का प्रयोग किया जाता है। अन्य परिस्थितियों में Preposition in का प्रयोग किया जाता  है।